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    Gender Issues in Computer Networking

    Leslie Regan Shade
    McGill University
    Graduate Program in Communications
    [e-mail]
    [e-mail]
    [e-mail]

    Talk given at: Community Networking: the International
    Free-Net Conference
    Carleton University, Ottawa, CANADA,
    August 17-19, 1993

Copyright 1993 by Leslie Regan Shade. The paper is publically licensed
so that it may be copied for further distribution, provided that it is
copied and distributed in its entirety, including this title page.


    It seems that the topic of gender and computer networking is
    the flavour of the month.  When I proposed this talk to
    Dave Sutherland in June, I was already working on a
    collaborative paper with Gladys We, a master's student in
    Communications at  Simon Fraser University and the
    Publications Coordinator of the Vancouver Free-Net, on
    gender issues in networking, for the _Internet Business
    Journal_.    Gladys had already co-written a similar article
    for _Kinesis_, a Canadian feminist paper.  Later, I discovered
    that Stephanie Brail, a free-lance journalist,   was writing an
    article on women and networking for _On The Issues_, a
    U.S.-based women's magazine.  Very soon thereafter,
    e-mail to Anita Borg, "keeper" of the Systers mailing list,
    and also a Consultant Engineer at Digital Equipment
    Corporation's (DEC) Network Systems Laboratory in
    Palo Alto revealed that she was preparing a talk on gender
    issues for Interval Research in the Bay Area.

    Six months ago, at the Computers, Freedom and Privacy_
    conference held in the Bay Area, a panel was devoted to
    gender issues in computing and telecommunications.  It was
    organized by BAWIT--Bay Area Women in Telecommunications,
    a working group sponsored by the Berkeley, California
    chapter of Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility.
    As a member of BAWIT--although never IRL (in real life)
    I commented on their paper and shared some bibliographic
    sources.

    And, in the past year, many academic articles
    on various facets of gender and networking have been published,
    as well as a book edited by Cheris Kramarae and Jeanie Taylor
    of the University of Illinois at Champagne-Urbana, entitled
    Women, Information Technology, and Scholarship.
    Other happenings  related to gender and computer networking
    included an electronic conference, "The Electronic Salon",
    devoted to gender issues in "technoculture",  sponsored by
    Lewis & Clark College in April of 1992. [Electronic Salon]
    As well, many  lists (including Computers &  Academic Freedom,
    Gender, Communet, and various UseNet groups)  have had on-going
    discussions about various aspects  of gender issues--related to
    interpersonal communication in computer-mediated-
    communication (CMC), sexual harassment, access and
    representation.  Also, many conferences and  lists related to
    women's issues have been started or are in the formative stages.

    Popular culture has also been reflecting women networking.
    In last years film, "Single White Female", the character played
    by Bridget Fonda is tied up by her lunatic roommate, and she
    makes a desperate call for help by logging on to Compuserve.
    Sci-fi books with technologically savvy women are more
    common.  In Pad Cadigan's _Synners_, Gina and Sam are the
    two main hacker characters in the Post-millennium L.A.
    holocaust landscape, where, by the end of the novel, they
    both find themselves literally jacked into the network. [Cadigan]
    Bruce Sterling's _Islands in the Net_ featured the post-
    millennium super-mom-heroine, Laura Webster, fighting
    data pirates, high-tech voodoo, and new-age mercenaries.
    [Sterling] And, Neal Stephenson's _Snow Crash_ features
    Juanita Marquez, the "face department" for Black Sun System's
    avatars. [Stephenson]

    This summer the popular media has run stories on two incidents
    related to computer networking and gender.  Both _Time_
    magazine and _The Washington Post_ covered "The Case of the
    Cybercad", or the "on-line Lothario" on the WELL
    (a private conferencing system running out of the Bay
    Area).  This case involved a WELLbeing--dubbed Mr. X--
    who was romancing several different WELLbeing women at
    the same time; the women involved found out; and through
    the WELL's private women-only conference space, WOW
    (Women on the WELL), decided to "out" the man in a more
    public conference area on the WELL (although not revealing
    his name).  Unfortunately, the _Time_ article erroneously
    dismissed the WELL as a sort of "single's bar scene"; the
    more perceptive _Washington Post_ article by John Schwartz
    analyzed the incident as a test case for the new online terrain
    of social interactions: "Anthropologists and sociologists too,
    still are wondering what the lowly modem has wrought. The
    ability to use our computers to reach out around the world
    hasn't just revolutionized computing--it's creating new forms
    of social  interaction that appear and evolve before the
    academics  can get their pipes lit". [Schwartz]

    Earlier this month U.S.A. Today featured a story on:
    "High-Tech Harassment... sexual harassment is making inroads
    in cyberspace as female users increasingly report instances of
    lewd messages, suggestive graphics or even electronic stalking
    over computer networks. Most reported incidents have been at
    universities..." (U.S. A. Today)

    Today, I will discuss some of the key issues and
    controversies that have arisen regarding gender and computer
    networking, including participation of women in computer
    science,  participation of women in networking, issues of
    access to networking, social interactions, pornography, and
    the use of networking by women.  I will summarize by
    suggesting possible strategies and policies that
    community networks can adopt in order to ensure that women
    will be equitably represented.

    Participation of Women in Computer Science

    The statistics for women in the computer science field are
    dismal,revealing that only a small percentage of computer
    scientists and computer professionals are female. In the most
    recent years for which statistics are available, women received
    a third of the bachelor's degrees in computer science, 27% of
    master's degrees, and 13% of PhDs. Women comprise a mere
    7.8% of computer science and computer engineering faculties,
    and only 2.7% of these are tenured. (Frenkel 1990, 38).
    Put another way, "92% of CS and engineering faculty --
    and 97% of the tenured faculty--are male. And about one-third
    of the computer science departments polled employ no women
    faculty at all" [Cottrell, 1992].

    These figures aren't surprising given the early stereotyping of
    toys for boys and girls: Transformers for boys and Math-Phobia
    Barbie for girls.Videogames and educational software are replete
    with aggressive metaphors:guns, missiles, spaceships, and
    blasting asteroids, which typically don't appeal to girls. Witness the
    very recent controversy over Sega's new game,entitled "Night
    Trap," in which "nameless attackers dressed in black stalk
    scantily clad teen-age girls through a large house.  The girls
    are portrayed as powerless to defend themselves and, unless
    rescued by the player, are murdered" [Langberg, 1993].

    As well, the young girl who is an avid computerist might later
    encounter in her professional career a masculine "locker-room
    environment" in workplaces, technical conferences, and
    computer trade shows which can be professionally demeaning.
    Ellen Spertus [1991] described the biases that women face in
    pursuing careers in computer science and how they deal with
    them. She solicited remarks on the net from female (and male)
    students, faculty, and professionals involved in computer
    science and engineering, and compiled these frank anecdotes
    about job discrimination and sexist attitudes in the classroom
    into a well-organized and thoughtful overview of
    recommendations and policies that can be implemented to make
    the world of computer science more hospitable towards women.
    These include: not tolerating sexual harassment; providing
    mentoring opportunities for women students; and making the
    workplace, both corporate and academic, accommodate the
    needs of career and children.

    Janet Cottrell [1992] provides some useful suggestions to
    make the university computing environment more hospitable
    towards women, such as: making sure the computing facilities
    are physically safe; ensuring that women are well-represented
    in computing staff; making sure that pornographic images are
    not allowed as background screens in labs and offices; making
    sure that public labs are accessible for the non-aggressive
    student;and providing individualized learning resources, such
    as self-paced online or video training tools for students who
    may feel uncomfortable in large classes.

    Participation of women in networking

    As we all know, the Internet is expanding at an explosive rate.
    1992 statistics put the Internet as extending to over 50 countries
    on all seven continents, with approximately 5-10 million people
    using it, and with as many as 15 million people communicating
    between the Internet and other interconnecting networks.
    [Hart, et. al]   These figures seem conservative now.  Many
    private conferencing systems, such as the WELL, and ECHO
    (New York City's "East Coast Hang-Out") now have  Internet
    access.   Commercial IP network connectivity  providers are
    mushrooming, provided by companies such as Advanced
    Network and Services (ANS), CO+RE (Commercial plus
    Research and Education), and the CIX (Commercial Internet
    Exchange) members--AlterNet, PSINet, CERFnet, and Sprintnet.
    And, Free-Nets in various cities internationally  have started up
    or are in their formative stages--there are approximately 45
    free-net organizing committees around the world.  There are at
    least 11 free-nets in the U.S., with maybe more in the
    formative stages; 2 in Canada, with 8 others in the formative
    stages; and 1 in New Zealand.

    But does this rapidly expanding user base include an equal
    proportion of men and women? Probably not.  The breakdown of
    gender usage on various networks is difficult to gauge, but it is
    safe to say that women are not very well represented on most
    networks.  This low visibility is not surprising, given that women
    are still under-represented in almost every aspect of computer
    culture,  from programming,  to product design, to everyday use.

    Access to computer networking for women involves access to
    both the hardware and the software to support communications.
    Professional women who are in the academic or corporate
    mainstream where Internet costs are basically "invisible" for
    them can take advantage of the Internet.  Financially-advantaged
    women can partake of the many private online services, such as
    Prodigy, Delphi, American Online, Compuserve,  ECHO, and the
    WELL. On-line costs average 10-20$ month, plus hourly connect
    fees of 2-$5/hour. However, for those women (and other people)
    that can't afford networking costs--or who don't own a computer
    and modem- the introduction of free-nets is fortuitous.

    The placement of computers in public spaces, such as libraries and
    various community centres, would allow those that don't own
    personal computers to access community networks and partake of
    local resources, and from there, telnet out into the broader Internet
    world.    The  penetration of personal computers into the average
    household, though, isn't as high as telecom visionaries thought it
    would be.   Free-net sponsored workshops on purchasing used or
    new computers, or perhaps the donation of used or outmoded
    equipment from computer manufacturers, might be a good strategy
    for increasing domestic placement of pc's.

    As well, women must have access to the training that will support
    such communication, and access to significant and relevant
    resources that can support their research or personal needs.
    Hands-on,  face-2-face training is an option, as well as online
    "navigating the net" workshops.   Novice network users--both
    men and women--often find that they are overwhelmed by the
    mountains of text available on the Internet. And, since
    bibliographic control of the Internet is still in the
    developmental stages, it is frequently quite difficult to become
    familiar with the tools.

    Fortunately, however, several tools have been developed and
    are being improved, which can aid in accessing the Internet
    bounty.  These include Archie, a system for locating files
    (software programs, data, or text files) that are publically
    available via anonymous FTP; and menu-based tools such as
    Gopher, WAIS, Veronica, and the World-Wide Web (WWW).

    As was mentioned before, the breakdown of gender usage on
    networks is difficult to gauge, and depends on the network.
    However, at the low end, women are  assumed to hover around
    10-15% of the audience.  For instance,  the contribution of
    women to UseNet newsgroups is typically not very high, but
    the actual numbers are subject to debate.   In the unmoderated
    feminist newsgroups (alt.feminism and soc.women),
    approximately 80% of the messages are posted by men.  In
    the moderated feminist group (soc. feminism), there is usually
    about a 50/50 balance between women and men.

    But, a  recent post to soc.women on women's participation
    cited two differing figures: one reader said that after wading
    through 130 articles and deleting all those from men, she was
    left with only 12 posts from women.  Another reader countered
    by saying that she (he?) counted more posts by women than men:
    after eliminating a ll the  cross-posts out of a total of  568 articles
    available on her node, 62 were left;  and of that number, 44 were
    from women and 18 from men (Article 58511, soc.women, Aug.
    10, 1993).

    SeniorNet, a consumer-oriented online service available on
    American OnLine, that caters to the "mature market",
    reports that their audience mix is 51% female, 49% male.
    Contrast this gender-balance to other services such as CompuServe,
    GEnie. and Prodigy, where between 60-90% of the customers
    are male [Arlen, 6]   How is SeniorNet attracting so many women?

    Obviously, different networks will attract different audiences.
    The WELL, from my experience there, seems to have a fairly
    high ratio of female WELLbeings. ECHO, (the East Coast Hang
    Out) was started by a woman, Stacey Horn.  There  females
    comprise 57% of the audience, and half of the conference hosts
    are women.  Horn actively recruits and encourages women to get
    on ECHO.  She offered the first year of ECHO free to women,
    with the second year at reduced rates.  She's started  ECHO
    School, which helps women out technically; and a Mentoring
    Program for women, which consists of a group of women who
    have volunteered to help new women "get acclimated to
    cyberspace" (personal correspondence, August 1, 1993).

    And, when women participate in networks, are there gender
    differences between  the way men and women talk and participate?

    Susan Herring at the University of Texas at Arlington analyzed
    male and female participation in two academic electronic lists,
    Linguist (devoted to the discussion of linguistics-related issues) and
    Megabyte University (MBU) (devoted to the discussion of
    computers and writing).  She concluded that "male and female
    academic professionals do not participate equally in academic
    CMC.  Rather, a small male minority dominates the discourse both
    in terms of amount of talk, and rhetorically, through self-
    promotional and adversarial strategies.  Moreover, when women
    do attempt to participate on a more equal basis, they risk being
    actively censored by the reactions of men who either ignore
    them or attempt to delegitimize their contributions.  Because of
    social conditioning that makes women uncomfortable with
    direct conflict, women tend to be more intimidated by these
    practices and to avoid participating as a result....rather than being
    democratic, academic CMC is power-based and hierarchical.  This
    state of affairs cannot however be attributed to the influence of
    computer communication technology; rather, it continues pre-
    existing patterns of hierarchy and male dominance in academia
    more generally, and in society as a whole" [Herring]

    Kathleen Michel of Miami University investigated gender
    differences in KIDCAFE, a networking project that links children
    around the world.  Michel was interested in finding out if boys
    and girls talked to each other more often using CMC, and, if
    the medium let them understand each other better.  In
    particular, she sought to apply linguist  Deborah Tannen's
    theories of the gender differences in conversational styles--
    the "rapport" (cooperative, intimate style) versus "report"
    (information giving)  styles of talk.  (Generally speaking,
    more women engage in the "rapport" style; more men the
    "report" style).  She concluded that, although boys and girls
     have different conversational patterns, the styles are not as
    discrepant as Tannen would indicate. CMC can have very
    positive effects for school children, she observed: "By
     linking students to other peers around the world through a
    computer network, schools can positively effect the ways
    in which male and females converse, and can open up more
    opportunities for cross-gender communication...on-line ,
    social status and gender become less obvious differences
    and extend the boundaries of the student's community.
    A student doesn't have to break into a clique or take
    social risks in order to hold a conversation with someone
    she or he normally would not talk to". [Michel]

    Social Interactions

    Some of you might have seen a recent Peter Steiner cartoon in
    The New Yorker magazine (July 5, 1993, p. 61).  In it, a dog
    is sitting at a computer saying to his dog-friend, "On the Internet,
    nobody knows you're a dog".

    Unfortunately, as many women have found  out, cyberspace is
    not a gender-free space.  One of the characteristics of computer-
    mediated-communication (CMC) is its lack of easy social
    contextualization.  Kiesler at. al. have noted that CMC neutralizes
    such social status clues as appearance, voice, organizational
    hierarchy, and often gender--this of course depends on the
    handle used, mailing address, etc. Despite the relative
    anonymity of CMC, though, some women report that they are
    often harassed and intimidated from posting and participating on
    conferences or via e-mail. They often choose gender-neutral
    handles, and prefer to post in women-only conferences or
    mailing lists.

    Does the relative anonymity of the electronic medium encourage
    emotive behavior--flaming--and sometimes abusive language?
    What constitutes harassment, or sexual harassment, on the net?
    Is it possible to generalize about behavior on the net, or do we
    need to consider the networking context--i.e, UseNet (its anarchy
    seems to encourage a fair amount of crankiness and  flame-fests,
    which can contribute to both its charm and irritability), versus
    community-based free-nets, or  private commercial networks?

    Gladys We of Simon Fraser University conducted a research
    project into how men and women felt about communicating
    online, versus face-2-face. She sent a questionnaire to various
    UseNet newsgroups and an eclectic range of mailing lists.
    She concluded that: "On the surface, it would seem that most
    people feel that cyberspace tends to be friendly to women.  It
    allows women to adopt more active personas, and to speak
    on a 'level-playing field' reduced of gender cues. "  Several
    respondents to Gladys' survey sent her anecdotes about meeting
    and falling in love online.  But, she also heard from others who
    were harassed online: "...as one man said, 'try using a woman's
    handle online someday and see how many 'hello's' you get as
    compared to your regular handle (if you're a male, of course!)...
    one woman reported, 'in response  to my postings he sent e-mail
    calling me 'hairly legged feminazi'...and did lots of innuendos
    about the probable deficits in my personal life". (We)

    The  issue of sexual harassment on the net is controversial.
    Many women complain that various newsgroups and networking environments
    are hostile towards women.  Net.sleazing and
    "trolling for babes" do exist on some networks. Harassment can
    take many forms, and it has occurred in both public forums and
    in private e-mail.  It can be subtle, such as personal questions
    directed to a woman; or blatant, such as women receiving sexual
    propositions via e-mail.

    The legal status of online harassment is murky, as case law
    has not been established for many situations.  For instance, can
    the typical UseNet commentary be classified as harassment?
    Sexual harassment guidelines could be incorporated into general
    University computing policies,  and, as Kramarae and Taylor
    suggest, could include clarification of what constitutes offensive
    messages and provide a grievance procedure for complaints of
    sexual harassment. [Kramarae, Taylor]  An article in _Macweek_,
    a computer industry publication, suggested that company managers
    should incorporate online harassment into anti-harassment policies.
    [Erlich]

    Education and recognition of the issues surrounding online
    harassment is a  preventative measure we can take now. Cyberion
    City at MIT is a MUSE-role-playing game which educates its users
    by telling them: "...unwanted advances of hostile or forward nature
    are unacceptable...if you think someone might be interested in
    developing a closer personal relationship, it is your responsibility
    to make absolutely sure of this before saying or doing anything that
    would be considered inappropriate in real life...such inappropriate
    behavior includes, but is not limited to, suggestive remarks; violation
    of the other person's space; forward, intimate or suggestive conduct".
    [as quoted in Truong]

    The idea of women-only lists and conferences has been suggested
    as a way to counteract harassment and monopolization of postings
    by men.  Of course, given the relative insecurity of electronic
    identity, and the fact that electronic personas can be easily spoofed,
    such segregation is difficult to control. Several women-only
    conferences exist, such as WOW--Women on the Well--(there is
    also MOW--Men on the WELL); and  Systers, a private,
    unmoderated, mailing list for female computer professionals
    in the commercial, academic, and government world,  as well
    as female graduate and undergraduate computer science and
    computer engineering students. Anita Borg, the founder and
    moderator of Systers, has often been asked to justify the
    exclusion of men from her list, particularly given that the
    list is not limited solely to discussions of women's issues, but
    deals in professional and technical concerns.   She stated the
    following points in her position paper for the "Gender Issues in
    Computers and Telecommunications" panel at the _Computers,
    Freedom, and Privacy_ conference: Since women in computer
    sciences are geographically dispersed and a "frequently
    individually isolated minority", they rarely have the chance to
    interact professionally with each other.  The different
    conversational styles of men and women prohibits an egalitarian
    nature. An all-female forum allows for mentoring for CS women.
    And, "the likelihood that an underpowered minority is keeping
    otherwise inaccessible information from the large empowered
    majority...seems small indeed". [Borg]

    Gender-swapping is a popular pastime on some network
    interactions. Amy  Bruckman at MIT has been conducting
    research on social interactions in text-based virtual reality
    environments on the Internet called MUDS (multi-user
    domains).  Female MUDders (of which there are many)
    report that they are often "besieged with attention",
    including unwanted sexual advances. As Bruckman writes,
    "many people, both male and female, enjoy the attention
    paid to female characters.  Male players will often log on as
    female characters and behave suggestively, further encouraging
    sexual advances.  Pavel Curtis has noted that the most
    promiscuous and sexually aggressive women are usually
    played by men.  If you meet a character named Fabulous
    HotBabe, she is almost certainly a he in real life".
    [Bruckman, Curtis]

    In 1985 Lindsy Van Gelder published her almost "classic"
    tale  in _Ms._ magazine about the case of "Joan".  Joan" was
    a disabled single older woman who appeared on
    Compuserve's "Between the Sexes" conference.  She
    developed intimate relationships with other women, although
    never face-2-face. After several years, "Joan" was discovered to
    be a middle-aged male psychiatrist, "Alex". Such online
    "cross-dressing" shook up the many women and men who
    had "encountered" Joan throughout the years, and led many
    to be more suspicious and wary of computerized interactions..

    Pornography

    The  ethical uses of computers and computer networks is a
    contentious and unresolved area, both legally and socially.
    There are no universal standards of governance, and it seems
    unlikely and quite preposterous that such a consensus could
    ever be  reached, given both the evolving technological
    infrastructure, types of various information carriers and
    providers, and variety of nationalistic notions of legal
    jurisprudence.

    Sexual imagery and pornographic content on the nets is one of
    these debatable arenas.  How, exactly, does one define computer
    pornography and "offensive" material on networks?  In this
    last year alone many debates have surfaced within various
    universities in North America and internationally as to whether
    or not it is appropriate to censor the alt.sex hierarchy within
    UseNet.  Where can one draw the line between freedom of
    speech and mere censorship?  Are there any links between
    computer pornography, sexual harassment, and sexual
    violence? Are such "questionable" UseNet newsgroups a
    "proper" use of University computing facilities? Should
    community networks provide an "on-ramp" to these
    newsgroups? Should minors be allowed access to these
    newsgroups; or, put another way, how can you *not*
    prevent minors from accessing these newsgroups?   Should
    academic institutions, or community networks "police"
    UseNet bulletin board postings and newsgroups based on
    content, such as sexual explicitness (which could be in
    perceived violation of the law) without consulting the user
    community?  What kinds of mechanisms should be instituted,
    if at all, to judge the acceptability of the contents of certain
    newsgroups?  What legal rights regarding free speech and
    privacy should network users be entitled to?

    Use of Networks By Women

    Despite some of the hazards and irritation that some women
    have encountered online, access to networking has also
    encouraged a wealth of surprising uses for women.
    I think it's important to highlight some of the more positive
    benefits of computer networking for women, because it seems
    that any media coverage of networking tends to zoom in on
    the more salacious and sensationalistic aspects.

    Networking has been increasingly recognized by female scholars
    as being a tool for feminist empowerment, and many women
    have taken to the net to create, as  Ebben and Kramarae call it,
    "a cyberspace of our own".  There are now many UseNet
    newsgroups and lists that cater to the research needs of women
    scholars, from MEFEM, a list for female medievalists; to
    WISENET, a list for women in science and engineering; to the
    South Asian Women's List; to WMST-L, the Women's
    Studies List. [see Appendix for list of resources]

    Several grassroots networking projects have also benefited
    women. Big Sky Telegraph, a computerized BBS system
    in Montana, has been used to  connect together the
    geographically dispersed directors of the various Montana
    Women's Centers. BST has also been used to provide
    computer training to homebound women.  [Odasz]

    Mexican women's groups--through the Institute for Global
    Communications (IGC) networks--have found that networking
    has facilitated their work in fighting NAFTA. For instance,
    Mujer a Mujer/Woman to Woman, based in Mexico City, has
    found networking to be indispensable in coordinating the
    Tri-National Working Women's Conference on NAFTA, the
    reports of which were posted online for the entire community
    to read. [Frederick]

    One of the biggest challenges is widening access to the net for
    women that aren't institutionally affiliated, whether in industry
    or academia,  where they purportedly have "ready" access to
    both the hardware and software, and technical expertise, to
    successfully learn how to navigate the net.

    Ellen Balka of Memorial University at Newfoundland has
    written that "perhaps the greatest issue faced by the women's
    movement with respect to the adoption of computer networking
    technology is access...access to communication constraints imposed
    by the infrastructure of data lines and value-added
    carriers...access to the location of networks and terminals:
    whether they are located in a public  place and available for
    use free of charge as Community Memory terminals were, or
    whether they are located in a private home or office...and
    access to the knowledge and related support mechanisms
    that will allow a novice user to successfully contact a
    computer network". [Balka]

    As well, it is important  to develop resources and tools that
    address the needs of various women.   WON--the Women's
    Online Network that is an off-shoot of ECHO, is an online
    advocacy and action  group for women.  It is currently being
    revamped, and will be sponsored by a variety of U.S. women's
    groups, including Ms. , WAC, WHAM!,  and WAA.   It is
    certainly not inconceivable that the same sort of collaboration
    could be fostered across Canada amongst various women's
    groups using community networks as the anchor.

    Community networks are well situated to increase the
    participation and use of networks by women.  It is difficult
    to speak in generalities about how to do this, since such
    recruitment tends to be  community-specific.  Vancouver's
    Free-Net, for instance, has established a "Task Force for
    Equal Access",  whose role will be to approach community
    organizations that don't have ready access to  computers and
    help them get the computers and training to get online. As well,
    the committee will try to get donations of computers for
    placement in various community centres, such as senior citizens
    centres, women's centres, etc.

    A mentoring program, such as that  set up by Stacey Horn of
    ECHO, where volunteers help women get online is also a
    good strategy.  Perhaps "aggressiveness training" could become
    one of the components here. Online navigating-the-net programs
    can encourage people to explore the wider world of the Internet.
    Developing programs and services for children is also necessary--
    and a mentor program designed for young girls might, in
    particular, encourage more of them to enter the CS field.  It is
    not unimaginable, for instance, to envision kids newsgroups,
    such as  kids.ninjas; kids.dinosaurs, kids.yucky-parents,
    kids.knock-knock-jokes, and kids.barbie.hollywood-hair.

    This forthcoming November, CRIAW (the Canadian Research
    Institute for the Advancement of Women) will publish a
    handbook written by Ellen Balka on community networking for
    women.  Chapters will be devoted to networking history, women's
    use of nets,  access issues,  design, and  organizational needs.

    In a  recent article in _Technology Review_, Langdon Winner
    quotes Richard Civille, director of the Washington office of the
    Center for Civic Networking. Civille suggests "earmarking 1
    percent of the $350-million a year that President Clinton wants to
    spend on 'community development banks' for building civic
    networks.  The Census Bureau could survey the nation's computer
    owners to see how they use online services.  Some fraction of the
    federal budget for an information infrastructure could go to study
    information equity--just as the Human Genome Project sets
    aside 5% of its appropriation to explore ethical issues". [Winner]

    A similar strategy could apply to CANARIE, the Canadian
    Network for the Advancement of Research, Industry, and
    Education, given the government's recent commitment to
    invest $26-million for the first phase of the project. With the
    increasingly  swift commercialization of the Internet (a recent
    news blurb reported that more than 54 Internet trademarks were
    pending at the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office--see _The
    Internet Letter_)  it is vital that information equity be a paramount
    policy consideration, and it seems that community networks will be
    one of the venues for fostering this.

    Conclusion

    As Gladys We and I wrote, "the new 'electronic frontier' is
    unfortunately still a very masculine dominated space, one in
    which many women may feel uncomfortable at the best of times.
    Ensuring equitable gender access to the Internet should be a
    prerogative of this information age.  This means that we must
    pay close attention to the metaphors that people will use and
    see in this new world, so that they won't exclude women, or
    include them in undesirable ways.  It means making the Internet
    easily accessible to all people; making networking an attractive
    communications tool for women, by creating tangible and viable
    information and resources; and by encouraging young girls and
    women to become involved in the development and deployment
    of the technology.  It also means creating a friendly online
    environment, one that allows women to speak their thoughts
    without having to hide their gender.  The world of cyberspace is
    one which is being shaped daily by the millions of interactions on
    it, and women can contribute much to these exchanges."
    [Shade, We].


    References

    [Arlen]  Arlen, Gary (1991).  "SeniorNet Services: toward a new
    electronic environment for seniors".  Report of a conference held
    by The Aspen Institute's Communications and Society Program in Queenstown.
    MD, April 8-10, 1991.

    [Balka]  Balka, Ellen. (1993, February).  "Women's access to
    on-line discussions about feminism".  _Electronic Journal of
    Communications/La revue electronique de communication_ v.3,
    n.1.  {to retrieve file send command: send balka v3n193 to
    [e-mail] (bitnet) or [e-mail]
    (Internet)

    [Borg]  Borg, Anita.  (1993).  "The rationale for a closed electronic
    forum". Position paper for "Gender Issues in Computers and
    Telecommunications" panel delivered to  _Third Conference on
    Computers, Freedom, and Privacy_,  Burlingame, CA, March 1993.

    [Bruckman]  Bruckman, Amy.  (1993).  "Gender swapping on the
    Internet".  [available via anonymous FTP from media.mit.edu in
    pub/MediaMOO/Papers:gender swapping.{ps,rtf,Bin}]

    [Cadigan] Cadigan, Pat.  (1991). _Synners_ .  N.Y.: Bantam Books.

    [Cottrell] Cottrell, Janet.( 1992). "I'm a Stranger here Myself:
    A consideration of women in computing." In _Learning From
    the Past, Stepping into the Future_, the Proceedings of the 1992
    ACM SIGUCCS User Services Conference, November 8-11,1992, Cleveland, OH.
    New York: The Association for Computing
    Machinery. pp. 71-76.

    [Curtis]  [Curtis, Pavel. (1992). "MUDding: social phenomena in
    text-based virtual realities". Proceedings of DIAC 92. [Available
    via anonymous FTP from parcftp.xerox.comj in
     pub/MOO/papers/DIAC92 {ps,txt}].

    [Ebben, Kramarae] Ebben,  Maureen; Kramarae, Cheris.  (1993).
    "Women and Information technologies: creating a cyberspace of
    our own", pp.15-27 in  _Women, Information Technology, &
    Scholarship_, ed. Taylor, Kramarae, Ebben. Urbana, Il: WITS
    Colloquium. Center for Advanced Study.

    [Electronic Salon] Electronic Salon papers are available via
    anonymous FTP at lclark.edu in gender directory]

    [Erlich]  Erlich, Reese, (1992, December 14) "Sexual harassment
    an issue on the online frontier". _MacWeek_:20-21.

    [Frederick] Frederick, Howard H. (1993, March). _North American
    NGO Computer Networking on Trade and Immigration:  Computer Communications
    in Cross-Border Coalition Building_.
    DRU-234-FF (draft), RAND, Santa Monica, California.

    [Frenkel] Frenkel, Karen A. 1990. "Women & Computing". Communications of
    the ACM _33(11): 34-46.

    [Hart, et.al.]  Hart, Jeffrey A., Robert R. Reed, and Francois
    Bar.  (1992, November).  "The building of the Internet:
    implications for the future of broadband networks".
    Telecommunications Policy_:666-689.

    [Herring]  Herring, Susan C. (1993).  "Gender and democracy
    in computer-mediated communication".  _Electronic Journal of
    Communication_, v.3, n.2.

    [Internet Letter ]  "Companies rush to secure Internet trademarks".
    (1993, October). _The Internet Letter_, v.1, n.1.  {A Net Week
    Inc. publication}


    [Kiesler, et.al.]  Kiesler, Sara; Siegel, J.; McGuire, T.W. (1984).
    "Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated
    communication". _American Psychologist_ v.39: 1123-1134;
    also in _Computerization and Controversy: value conflicts and
    social choices_, ed. Charles Dunlop and Rob Kling. Academic
    Press, 1991: 330-349.

    [Kramarae, Taylor] Kramarae, Cheris; H. Jeanie Taylor. (1993).
    "Women and men on electronic networks: a conversation or a
     monologue?", p. 52-61 in _Women, Information Technology,
    & Scholarship_. Urbana, Illinois: Center for Advanced Study,
    Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

    [Langberg] Langberg, Mike. (1993, May 25). "Sega plans first
    video-game rating system". _San Jose Mercury News_.

    [Michel] Michel, Kathleen. (1992).  "Gender differences in
    computer-mediated conversations".  [available via KIDLINK]

    [Odasz]  Odasz, Frank. (1991, Summer).  "Big Sky Telegraph",
    _Whole Earth Review_: 32-35.

    [Spertus] Spertus, Ellen. "Why are There so Few Female
    Computer Scientists?" Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at
    MIT, 1991. [available via anonymous FTP from ftp.ai.mit.edu
    in pub/ellens/mget womcs*.ps]

    [Shade, We]  Shade, Leslie Regan; Gladys We. (1993). "Gender
     issues and networking" Forthcoming in _The Internet Business
    Journal_.

    [Stephenson]  Stephenson, Neal. (1992).  _Snow Crash_.  N.Y.:
    Bantam Books.

    [Sterling] Sterling, Bruce.  (1988).  _Islands in the Net_. N.Y.:
    Ace Books.

     [Tannen]  Tannen, Deborah. (1990).  _You Just Don't
    Understand_. N.Y.:Ballantine.

    [Truong] Truong, Hoai-An.  (1993, March). "Gender Issues
    in Online Communication".  Paper Presented at _Third
    Conference on Computers, Freedom, and Privacy_,  Burlingame,
    CA, March 1993.  [In conjunction with BAWIT-Bay Area
    Women in Telecommunications] [Available via ftp to ftp.cpsr.org:
    CD: Gender]

    [U.S.A. Today]  _U.S.A. Today_ (1993, August 6). "High
    Tech Harassment": B1.

    [Van Gelder] Van Gelder, Lindsy. (1991).  "The strange case
    of the electronic lover", in _Computerization and Controversy:
     value conflicts and social choices_, ed. Charles Dunlop and
    Rob Kling. Academic Press: 364-375.

    [We]  We, Gladys.  (1993) "Cross-gender communication in
    cyberspace". Unpublished ms., Simon Fraser University.
     [avail.. [e-mail]]

    [Winner]  Winner, Langdon.  (1993, August/September). "Beyond
    Inter-Passive Media".  _Technology Review_ : 69.

    ***************************************
    APPENDIX: CONFERENCES AND LISTS

    BIFEM-L: moderated list for women only.  Its purpose is to
    provide a safe space primarily for bisexual women.
    Subscription requests:  LISTSERV@BROWNVM
    (Bitnet) or [e-mail] (Internet).

    ECHO: East Coast Hang Out.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail]

    EDUCOM-W: Moderated list for issues of technology and education that
    are of interest to women.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@BITNIC (Bitnet), or
    [e-mail] (Internet).


    FEMAIL: For feminists around the world. Open to both men and
    women.
    Subscription requests to:
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    FEMECON-L: List for feminist economists.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail] (Internet).

    FEMINISM-DIGEST:  Digest form of soc.feminism available via
    email.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail] (Internet) or
    FEMINISM-DIGEST%NCAR.UCAR.EDU@NCARIO (Bitnet).

    FEMINIST( owned by the Feminist Task Force of the American
    Library Association).   Issues including sexism in libraries and
    librarianship; pornography and censorship in libraries, and racism
    and  ethnic diversity in librarianship.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@MITVMA (Bitnet) or [e-mail]
    (Internet).

    FEMISA: Discussion list re:  feminism, gender, women and
    international relations.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail]
    (Internet).

    FEMREL-L : Women and religion and feminist theology.
    Subscription requests:  LISTSERV@MIZZOU1 (Bitnet).

    FIST (Feminism in/and Science and Technology): Unmoderated
    list for discussion of feminism and science and technology.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail]
    (Internet).

    GAYNET:  list focusing on gay and lesbian concerns on college
    campuses.
    Subscription messages should be sent to
    [e-mail] (Internet).


    GENDER: Moderated list devoted to issues re: gender and
    communication.
    Subscription requests to:  COMSERVE@RPITSVM (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    GEGSTAFF: Discussion of sexuality and gender in geography,
    Subscription requests: [e-mail] (Internet)
    or LISTERV@UKCC.

    GLB-NEWS: "read-only depository of information for gay,
    lesbian, bisexual, transsexual, transgender, and sympathetic
    persons."
    Subscription requests:  LISTSERV@BROWNVM (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    GEOGFEM: Gender issues in geography.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail] (Internet) or LISTSERV@UKCC.

    HELWA-LL List for Malaysian women in the U.S. and Canada.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@PSUVM (Bitnet).

    KOL-ISHA:  Moderated list for halachic questions and issues
    concerning women's roles in Judaism.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail]
    (Internet).

    LIS:  Lesbians in Science and is a list for lesbians in industry,
    universities, government labs, etc.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail]; send postings to
    [e-mail].

    MAIL-MEN: forum for discussion of men's issues.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail]
    (Internet).

    MEDFEM-L:  List for feminist medievalists.
    Subscription requests to:LISTSERV@INDYCMS (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    NOGLSTP: The National Organization of Gay and Lesbian Scientists
    and Technical Professionals.
    Subscription requests to
    [e-mail].

    PRO-FEMINIST MEN'S ISSUES MAILING LIST: for both men
    and women.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail] (Internet).

    SAPPHO:  forum and support group for gay and bisexual women.
    Membership is open to all women and is limited to women.
    Subscription requests: contact [e-mail] (Internet).

    SASH (Sociologists Against Sexual Harassment):  Moderated list
    focusing on sexual harassment.
    Subscription requests: Phoebe M. Stambaugh, AZPXS@ASUACAD (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail](Internet).

    SOUTH ASIAN WOMEN'S NET: Discussion group for women
    from the south asian countries re concerns of south asian women.
    Women only.
    Subscription requests:  [e-mail] or to
    [e-mail]

    SSSSTALK: List for professional  researchers, clinicians, educators,
    and students in the field of sexuality.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@TAMVM1 (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    STOPRAPE: Sexual assault activist list.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@BROWNVM (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    SWIP-L:  Society for Women in Philosophy.
    Subscription requests:LISTSERV@CFRVM (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).


    SYSTERS:  For professional women only  in computer science.
    Subscription requests: Anita Borg at [e-mail].
    Please put "addsyster" in the subject field of the message.

    WIML-L (Women's Issues in Music Librarianship).
    Subscription requests:  Laura Gayle Green, LGREEN@IUBVM (Bitnet).

    WIPHYS:  Moderated list for issues of concern to women in
    physics.
    Subscription requests: [e-mail] (Internet).

    WIRE: Women;s Information Retrieval and Exchange
    Nancy Rhine ([e-mail])
    Forthcoming: "a new online communication service offering fast-
    breaking news stories and lively conversations on the issues
    impacting women's lives today. Includes databases on topics such
    as health information, referral services,women's colleges/studies,
    financial tips. and professional and political women's organizations."

    WISENET:  List for women in science, mathematics,and engineering.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@UICVM (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    WMN-HLTH:  Women's Health Electronic News Line,  started by the
    Center for Women's Health Research.
    Subscription requests: LISTSERV@UWAVM (Bitnet) or
    [e-mail] (Internet).

    WMST-L: Forum for women's studies academics.
    Subscription requests:[e-mail] (Internet), or LISTSERV@UMDD.

    WOMEN: general purpose list for women and women's groups.
    Subscription request: [e-mail]
    (Internet)


    WON, the Women's Online Network:  Electronic political group for
    women.whose aim is to distribute information and aid in political
    action.
    Subscription request and info: contact the co-founders at
    [e-mail] or [e-mail]
    (Internet);   phone: [phone].

    WOW, Women on the Well.  Women-only.
    Subscription requests: well.sf.ca.us. vice: 415-332-4335